비트 연산 (bit operation)

C++ – How to set, clear, and toggle a single bit  

Setting a bit

Use the bitwise OR operator (|) to set a bit.  

number |= 1UL << n;

That will set the nth bit of number. n should be zero, if you want to set the 1st bit and so on upto n-1, if you want to set the nth bit.
 Use 1ULL if number is wider than unsigned long; promotion of 1UL << n doesn't happen until after evaluating 1UL << n where it's undefined behaviour to shift by more than the width of a long. The same applies to all the rest of the examples.  

Clearing a bit

Use the bitwise AND operator (&) to clear a bit.  

number &= ~(1UL << n);

That will clear the nth bit of number. You must invert the bit string with the bitwise NOT operator (~), then AND it.  

Toggling a bit

The XOR operator (^) can be used to toggle a bit.  

number ^= 1UL << n;

That will toggle the nth bit of number.  

Checking a bit

You didn't ask for this, but I might as well add it.
 
To check a bit, shift the number n to the right, then bitwise AND it:  

bit = (number >> n) & 1U;

That will put the value of the nth bit of number into the variable bit.  

Changing the nth bit to x

Setting the nth bit to either 1 or 0 can be achieved with the following on a 2's complement C++ implementation:  

number ^= (-x ^ number) & (1UL << n);

Bit n will be set if x is 1, and cleared if x is 0. If x has some other value, you get garbage. x = !!x will booleanize it to 0 or 1.
 To make this independent of 2's complement negation behaviour (where -1 has all bits set, unlike on a 1's complement or sign/magnitude C++ implementation), use unsigned negation. 

number ^= (-(unsigned long)x ^ number) & (1UL << n);

or  

unsigned long newbit = !!x;    // Also booleanize to force 0 or 1
number ^= (-newbit ^ number) & (1UL << n);

It's generally a good idea to use unsigned types for portable bit manipulation.
or  

number = (number & ~(1UL << n)) | (x << n);

(number & ~(1UL << n)) will clear the nth bit and (x << n) will set the nth bit to x.  
It's also generally a good idea to not to copy/paste code in general and so many people use preprocessor macros (like the community wiki answer further down) or some sort of encapsulation.